Arid Plants

The chemical composition, minerals, fractionation of proteins and anti-nutritional factors in the plant hargel Gazette (Solenostemma Argel)

1 Murwan K. Sabah El-Kheir and 2 Murwito A. M

1-2 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al Neelain University, Sudan.

E-mail: murwansabahelkhier @ yahoo. com

Summary:

This experiment was conducted in the laboratory. Department of Biochemistry in 2003. The leaf (Solenostemma Argel) high carbohydrate (64 marked. 8%) and low in crude fiber (6. 5%). In addition to the sheet contained 15% protein, 1 6% oil, 7 7% 4 4% ash and moisture content. The results showed that the leaf potassium (0. 54%), calcium (0. 06%), magnesium (0. 03%) and sodium (0. 01%) contained, but is characterized by low copper ( 0. 0.001%), iron (0. 002%), manganese (0. 002%) and lead (0. 001%). The fractionation of leaf protein albumin high (16 is sealed. 7%), non-protein nitrogen (15. 3%), prolamine (11. 7) and low globulin (8. 7%), and Glutulin (6. 2%). Sheet contained phytic acid (3. 2 g/100g and tannin (0. 4%).

Keywords: Hargel, herbs, calcium and tannin.

1. Introduction

Hargel is (Solenostemma Argel), a plant or plant part valued for its medicinal qualities, aromatic or savory. Herb plants produce and contain a wide variety of chemicals in the human body (Shayoub, 2003). Herbs had been used in all cultures throughout history. Primitive man observed and appreciated the great diversity of plants available to him. Plants for food, clothing, shelter and medicine (Shayoub, 2003). Certainly herbs have their place as self-minor infections, coughs, colds, upset stomach, indigestion, colds, constipation, etc. (WHO, 2002; Mcntyres 2003). Herbalism was the world's population with safe, effective and inexpensive natural substances (medicine) for centuries (Shayoub, 2003) made available. In Sudan, the man is still dependent on traditional uses of plants, especially in remote rural areas, as the main or only source of health, are beginning to keep the level of the house, where family members have a wealth of knowledge about the diagnosis and do not allow the treatment of common ailments like your dose of geographical areas and / or economic opportunities for medical care (Agib, 2000). The structure will be used in the present study Argel Solenostemma (Del) Haynes, is a member of the family Asclepiadaceae, is a desert plant that extent in Egypt, Libya, Chad, Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Palestine, the central and northern Sudan distributed ( Halima, 2001). But among these countries, the Sudan as the richest source of plant hargel found among the barbarians and Abu Hamad considered. In other Arab countries and the Sudan, the traditional name of this plant is hargel. The part of the plant used, leaves and stems (EL. Kamali, 1991). El-Kamali (1991) and yagoubi (2003) argued that the alcoholic extract of Argel Solenostemma against the effect of mushrooms, while

Mudawi (2003) reported that the chloroform extract (600 – 800 mg) with a gradual decrease in the delay and amplitude of spontaneous contractions induced pregnant or not pregnant uterus. Ross and his colleagues (1980) illustrates the presence of antibiotics in extracts of the plant ethanol Hargel. Khalid and his colleagues (1974) showed the presence of steroidal glycosides and kaempferol in leaves of hargel. While Plaza, et al. Reported (2003) that proteins, sugars, fiber, vitamins and minerals with Na +, K + E, 2 Ca, Mg 2 Ni 3, P 3, and there is presence of four new glycosides from the priecarps pregnant Solenostemma Argel . Be found, the presence of biologically active components such as phytates and phenolic compounds of adverse effects on the intrinsic properties of proteins (are yagoubi 2003). Goldstein and Swain (1963) showed that the tannins are phenolic polymers precipitate proteins from aqueous solution, and the reduction or inhibition of enzyme activity. Phytic acid is a natural class of complex organic form of phosphorus compounds, which can significantly affect the functional properties and nutritional value of food (Fage, 2003).

The objectives of this study are included in the price:

This work is an attempt at something new and useful in court, and the base efforts through the use of the structure Hargel add (Argel Solenosetemma). Sine Sudan is considered one of the countries with a variety of plants. Our goals are to be determined as follows:) The chemical composition (moisture, protein, ash, fat, crude fiber and carbohydrates, minerals (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb), from fractionation of proteins (albumin, globulin, prolamine, Glutulin and non-protein nitrogen) and antinutritional factors (tannins and phytic acid) of leaf Solenosetemma Argel.

2. Experimental

2. 1 Sample preparation

Hargel leaves of the plant were from the Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, and received the University of Khartoum. Solenostemma Argel leaves were cleaned of dust and foreign matter in hand and issued separately from other parts of the plant and machinery operated by electricity in coarse (AOAC, 1990 to be destroyed).

2. 2 Chemical composition

Moisture content, crude protein, crude ash, crude fiber, total carbohydrates were of AOAC (1990) determined. Moisture content of leaf Hargel complex was determined by drying samples at 105 oC overnight (AOAC, 1990). Total carbohydrates by subtracting the moisture content, ash, oil, protein and crude fiber from 100.

2. 3 mineral content

The minerals in dried samples (leaves) were using the method of Pearson (abstract 1970) and filtered into a solution of 50 ml of extraction equipment for atomic absorption.

2. 4 Protein fractionation

The sequential extraction of proteins was carried out by Mendel and Osborne (1924). It is based on the solubility of proteins in various solvents. Water – soluble proteins (albumin), salt soluble proteins (globulins), alcohol – soluble proteins (Glutulin), alkali – soluble – protein (prolamine) and residues – protein (- None of protein nitrogen). The residues that have been resolved, after four successive extractions with solvents determined by semi-micro Kjeldahl procedure AOCA (1990). Protein percent was obtained, the amount calculated from samples of total protein extracted as follows:

Soluble proteins (total)% T = x N x TV x 14 x 6 25 x 100

A X 1000

Soluble protein solubility of the protein X 100% =

Total Protein

Where

T = reading of the title (ml / HCl), N = normality of HCl (0. 02N), TV = total volume of the sample extract (100ml), A = Number of (ml) of sample extract (2. 0g ) = 14 mg / ml HCl is equivalent to 14 nitrogen, 1000 = number of mg in a gram and 6 25 = conversion factor of nitrogen% protein.

2. 4 anti-nutritional factors

2. 4. Tannin 1

Quantitative estimation of tannin for each sample was performed using a modified vanillin HCl in methanol method as described by Price and Butler (1987).

There are no standard curve for tannic acid in food, but the tannic acid was used for the manufacture of the standard curve of tannic acid. The standard curve of tannic acid was prepared according to AOAC (1990) for measuring the concentration of tannic acid in our samples (plotting the concentration of tannic acid (mg)) against the corresponding absorption spectrophotometer reading.

2. 4. 2 phytic acid content

The phytic acid content was determined by the method of Wheeler and Ferrel (1971) methodology. Preparation of standard curve for phytic acid, is as follows: Standard curves of various Fe (NO3) 3 concentrations of the spectrophotometer against the corresponding off, calculate the concentration of iron. Phytate phosphorus by the concentration of ferrous iron calculated by taking iron-phosphorus molar ratio of 4:6.

3. Statistical analysis:

Three different sub-samples from each source sample is taken and analyzed. Averages were then averaged. Data were means of analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Gomez and Gomez, scored in 1984).

4. Results

4. 1 Chemical composition

The chemical composition of leaf hargel is shown in Table 1. The results indicate that the moisture content of 4-leaf is. 4% which is lower than the values obtained from El Kamali (1991). The protein content (15%) of the leaf coincided with those reported by El Kamali (1991). He studied in the preamble of crude oil from the leaf to 1. 6%. and the ashes are 7 7%. The crude fiber of the paper examines 6 5%, while the carbohydrate total sample was analyzed 64 8%.

4. 2 minerals

Hargel mineral content of leaf are shown in Table 2. The results showed that calcium 0 investigated, magnesium, potassium, sodium, iron, manganese, copper and lead from leaf are hargel. 06, 0 03, 0 54 0 01. 0. 002, 0 002, 0 0001 0 001%, respectively. The results showed that there are significant differences in the mineral content at the level of p? 0. 05.

4. 3 protein fractionation

Fractionation of proteins of the leaf is examined presented in Table 3. It should be noted that the document contained 16 7% of albumin (protein soluble in water), 11 7 5 prolamine (alkali-soluble proteins), 8 7% globulin (salt-soluble proteins), 6 2% Glutulin ((alcohol-soluble protein ) and 15. 3% non-protein nitrogen. The results showed that there are distinctly different protein fractionation study of the leaf level of p? 0. 05.

4. 4 anti-nutritional factors

Anti-nutritional factors of the leaf is examined in Table 3. E 'clearly indicated that the sheets were studied (high tannin (0. 04%) and also high in phytic 3 2g/100g). These results are consistent with El-Kamali (1991), who reported that the plant leaf hargel announced positive results in tests with tannin.

In general, the study showed that the chemical composition, minerals, protein fractionation hargel leafy vegetables.

References

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(2) Agib, A. M. 2000. Pharmacology plants Sudanese putative anti-inflammatory activity Pharm. M. Sc, University of Khartoum.

(3) Elkamali. H. H. 1991. Botanical studies Chemicall Solenostemma Argel (Del)

Hayne grows in Khartoum. M. Sc, University of Khartoum.

(4) Fage, A. S. 2003. Effect of genotype, malt pretreatment and cooking phytate

Khartoum.

(5) Gomez, P. and A. T. A. Gomez 1984 Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research, John Willy & Sons Inc., New York, USA

(6) Goldstein, JL and T. Swain 1963 Changes in tannins in ripening fruit. Phyto-chemistry (2), 371

(7) Khalid, S. A. 1974. Test for Peucedanum L. and ostruthium Solenostemma Argel (Del) Hayne. PhD thesis presented at the University of Szeged, Hungary.

(8) Khalid, SA, NK Szendrei, N. Ustavan 1974 Sudanese plants. I. Solenostemma Argel. Herba Hung. , 13: 33-35.

(9) Mcntyre, A. 2003. Herbs forefront of modern medicine. Available on the website www. poditivehealth. com / approval / articles / Herbs / Herbs

(10) Mudawi, A. G. 2003. Toxicological studies of Sudanese medicinal plants. M. Sc, Thesis presented at the University of Khartoum.

(11) Mendel, L. B. and T. B. Osborne 1924 Nutritional properties of protein-corn

Kernel. J. Biol. Chem. 18: 1-4.

(12) Pearson, D. 1970 "The chemical analysis of foods: J. and A. Churchill. 104 Gloucester Place London. Nutritional and fatty acid composition o / some high-yield varieties of bajar. Bull Grain Tech. (21), 41

(13) Plaza, A., G. Bifulco, L. A. Hamed, C. Pizza and S. Novel Piocente 2003

Pregnant glycoside form Solenostemma Argel (Hargel) Argel, Presented at (Changing Face of Natural Products Chemistry, the 44th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Pharmacology, 12-16 July, 2003, Chapel Hill, NC The.

(14) Price, ML, Van Scoyoc and LG Butler 1987 A critical evaluation of vanillin reaction as a test for tannin in rain sorghum. J. Agric. Food Chem. 26 (5): 1214-1218.

(15) Ross, SA, SE MEGALLATE, DW Dishay and AH Awad 1980 Studies for determining antibiotic substances in some Egyptian plants. Hort. Abstr, 51, 309-312. Part 2 Screening for antimicrobial activity. Fitoterapia, 5, 303

(16) Shayoub, M. E. 2003. Formulation design and evaluation of tablets Solenostemma Argel (ALHARGAL). Thesis Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D) degrees. Faculty of Pharmacy

University of Khartoum. Sudan.

(17) Wheeler, E. L., and R. Ferrel and 1971 A method for the determination of phytic acid in wheat and wheat fractions. Cereal-chem. (48): 312-320.

(18) of WHO. 2002 Traditional medicine strategy 2002-2005. Document WHO / EDM / TRM/2002. 1, Traditional Medicine, Department of essential drugs and medicines policy, World Health Organization, Geneva

(19) yagoubi, A. G 2003 A study of the biophysical Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffal.) Total seed proteins traditional fermented foods. Doctoral thesis in philosophy. Faculty of Agri. University of Khartoum.

Table 1 Chemical composition of leafy vegetables hargel.

Parameter / sample

Humidity%

Protein

%

Ash

%

Oil

%

Fiber

%

Carbohydrates%

Leaf Studio

4. 4

(0